INDOOR SCIENCE MODELS
1. INFINITY WELL/DEEP WELL
The infinity well/Deep well (also sometimes called as an infinite mirror) is a configuration of two or more parallel or angled mirrors, which are arranged to create a series of smaller reflections that appear to recede to infinity. A similar appearance in artworks is called as Droste effect.
2. PERSISTENCE OF VISION
Persistence of vision traditionally referred as the optical illusion that occurs when visual perception of an object does not stop for some time after the rays of light proceeding from it have stopped to enter the eye. The illusion has also been described as "retinal persistence", "persistence of impressions", simply "persistence" and other variations.
3. MUSICAL TUBES
Musical tubes are instruments that use the basic concept of the pitch of any vibrating material being inversely proportional to the length of the same. This concept is used in string instruments as well. The role of a musician is to control these variables in order to produce a given frequency from the instrument that is being played. The tubing in a wind instrument confines the motion of the air inside it, the air particles must wiggle parallel to the walls of the pipe. The result is a longitudinal standing wave in the air column inside the pipe
4. TELESCOPE (60 MM REFRACTOR)
A refracting telescope (also called a refractor) is a type of optical telescope that uses a lens as its objective to form an image (also referred to a dioptric telescope). The refracting telescope design was originally used in spyglasses and astronomical telescopes but is also used for long-focus camera lenses. Although large refracting telescopes were very popular in the second half of the 19th century, for most research purposes, the refracting telescope has been superseded by the reflecting telescope, which allows larger apertures.
5. NEWTONS CRADLE
The Newton's cradle is a device that demonstrates the conservation of momentum and the conservation of energy with swinging spheres. When one sphere at the end is lifted and released, it strikes the stationary spheres, transmitting a pressure or sonic wave through the stationary spheres that creates a force that pushes the last sphere upward. The last sphere swings back and strikes the nearly stationary spheres, repeating the effect in the opposite direction. It is also known as Newton's pendulum, Newton's balls, Newton's rocker or executive ball clicker.
6. SYMPATHETIC SWING
This is based on the principle of coupled resonant pendulums. One of the pendulum is pulled back some distance and let go. As it swings back and forth, observe that the other pendulum also begins to move, picking up speed and amplitude with each swing. Notice that you originally moved slows down with each swing and eventually stops, leaving the second pendulum briefly swinging by itself. Then the process begins to the second one is stopped. The motion is transferred back and forth between the two until them come to a halt eventually because of friction.
7. SIMPLE CAMERA
A simple camera is a basic device that captures images by letting light in through a small opening and onto a photosensitive surface, such as film or a digital sensor. The essential components of a simple camera include a light-tight box or container with a small hole (aperture) on one side and the photosensitive surface on the opposite side. When light passes through the aperture, it projects an inverted image of the scene outside onto the photosensitive surface, creating a visual record of what was in front of the camera.
8. PERISCOPE
A periscope is an instrument for observation over, around or through an object, obstacle or condition that prevents direct line-of-sight observation from an observer's current position.
In its simplest form, it consists of an outer case with mirrors at each end set parallel to each other at a 45° angle. This form of periscope, with the addition of two simple lenses, served for observation purposes in the trenches during World War I. Military personnel also use periscopes in some gun turrets and in armoured vehicles
9. RESONANT PENDULUM
The scientific phenomenon behind the transfer of energy is known as "Resonance".
If the pendulum is pulled to one extreme and released without pushing, it makes a certain number of oscillations in a unit time. This number is a constant for a given pendulum and is known as its natural frequency or resonant frequency. This resonant frequency depends on the length of the pendulum. Longer the pendulum, lower the natural frequency.
OUTDOOR SCIENCE MODELS
1. MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE BY PULLEYS
Pulleys are simple machines used to gain mechanical advantage in lifting heavy loads. The simplest pulley system consists of a single pulley wheel and a rope. While this basic setup does not increase the lifting force, it changes the direction of the force, making it easier to lift objects by pulling down instead of lifting up.
2. ARCHIMEDES PUMP
The Archimedes pump, also known as the Archimedes screw, is a simple machine designed to raise water from a lower level to a higher level. This ingenious device converts kinetic energy into potential energy, enabling the efficient transport of water against gravity.
3. CAGED BIRD
The Caged Bird illusion is a fascinating demonstration of the phenomenon known as persistence of vision. This effect occurs when pictures of a bird and an empty cage are pasted on opposite sides of a rectangular sheet of metal, which can be spun around a vertical axis using a handle fixed to a gear at the base. When the metal sheet is spun at low speeds, the bird and the cage are seen separately, alternating in succession. However, when the sheet is spun at a sufficiently high speed, the observer perceives a steady image of the bird inside the cage.
4. COLOUR DISC ON HEAT ABSORPTION
The Colour Disc on Heat Absorption is a captivating demonstration that illustrates how different colours absorb heat differently. This simple yet effective model consists of a rotating disc with sections painted in various colours. By exposing the disc to a source of heat, you can observe how the colours react differently to the heat, providing insights into the principles of heat absorption.
5. DOUBLE CONE MOVING AGAINST THE GRADIENT
When you place a double cone at the narrow end of a 'V' shaped rail, it starts moving towards the wider end, giving the illusion that it is moving uphill. However, this is not the case. The key to understanding this phenomenon lies in the centre of mass of the double cone.
6. GYROSCOPE
A gyroscope is a device used for measuring or maintaining orientation and angular velocity. It operates on the principles of angular momentum and rotational motion, which allow it to resist changes to its orientation. This fascinating instrument is widely used in various applications, from navigation systems in airplanes and ships to smartphones and video game controllers.
7. LEVER MODEL
A Lever model consists of a beam of adjustable length made of two concentric pipes, one sliding inside the other and is pivoted at a fixed hinge or fulcrum. The design allows for a heavy load to be attached at one end. By applying a small force (effort) over a greater distance at the other end, the lever can lift the large load over a small vertical distance.
8. WAVE MOTION
A wave motion model demonstrates the fundamental principles of how waves travel through different mediums, showcasing the behaviour and properties of waves in a visually and physically engaging manner. This model can illustrate various types of waves, including transverse and longitudinal waves, and their interactions with their environment.
9. SUN DIAL
A sundial is an ancient timekeeping device that uses the position of the sun to indicate the time of day. It operates on the principle of the sun casting a shadow on a marked surface, with the position of the shadow correlating to the time. A sundial consists of a flat plate, known as the dial and a stick or a triangular blade called the gnomon.